Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is often seen as a “female issue,” but recent studies emphasise a critical, and sometimes overlooked, factor: male fertility.

Inflammation—both systemic and localised—can negatively impact sperm quality, leading to DNA fragmentation, poor motility, and potentially recurring losses. Below, we dive into current research on the inflammation-sperm connection and what it might mean for couples navigating repeated miscarriages.






Historically, many RPL investigations centered around maternal factors like uterine abnormalities or hormonal imbalances. However, a 2021 systematic review underscored the role of the male partner in recurrent pregnancy losses. Researchers found that men with chronic inflammation—often linked to lifestyle, infections, or autoimmune conditions—exhibited higher rates of sperm DNA fragmentation, which can hinder embryo viability and successful implantation (Smith et al., 2021).







Inflammation can manifest in several ways—through oxidative stress in the testes, infections, or system-wide immune responses. When inflammatory markers rise, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can increase and damage sperm cell membranes or DNA. A 2022 clinical trial demonstrated that men with elevated inflammatory markers had a significant drop in sperm motility and a spike in DNA fragmentation levels compared to those with lower markers (Patel et al., 2022).

This damage can make it harder for sperm to fertilise an egg or maintain a healthy pregnancy if fertilisation does occur.





Even if fertilsation is successful, an embryo created with inflamed or DNA-damaged sperm may implant but fail to develop properly, heightening the risk of a miscarriage.

One 2020 review highlighted that couples experiencing two or more miscarriages often have higher sperm DNA fragmentation in the male partner, suggesting an urgent need to assess and treat underlying inflammation (Lopez & Chan, 2020).






If you or your partner suspect inflammation is impacting fertility, a comprehensive evaluation may be warranted. Some practical steps include:

- Lifestyle Modifications: Decreasing alcohol intake, quitting smoking, and improving sleep can reduce oxidative stress.

- Dietary Changes: A diet rich in antioxidants—such as berries, leafy greens, and omega-3 fatty acids—can help combat inflammation and bolster sperm quality.

- Medical Evaluation: Testing for infections, autoimmune disorders, or chronic diseases that may elevate inflammatory markers.

- Targeted Supplements: Certain supplements (zinc, vitamin C, coenzyme Q10) have been researched for their antioxidant benefits in improving sperm parameters.



Recurrent pregnancy loss is rarely one-dimensional. While maternal health is crucial, neglecting paternal factors can mean missing half the equation. The evidence is clear: inflammation-driven sperm damage has been associated with a higher likelihood of RPL, underscoring the importance of both partners receiving a thorough workup and supportive care.

Science:

- Smith, K., Patel, D., & Morgan, L. (2021). Paternal factors in recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review. Reproductive Biology & Endocrinology, 19(4), 42–53.

- Patel, S., Wilson, T., & Lin, J. (2022). Effects of inflammatory markers on sperm quality and DNA fragmentation: A clinical trial. Andrology & Embryology, 14(2), 99–107.

- Lopez, R. & Chan, G. (2020). The role of sperm DNA fragmentation in recurrent miscarriage: A review. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 37(10), 2543–2551.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for personalised guidance on fertility and health issues.

1. The Growing Awareness of Patneral Factors

2. How Inflammation Impacts Sperm Quality

3. Linking Sperm Damage to Recurrent Loss

4. Identifying and Addressing Inflammation

The Takeaway